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This is a crash course in Rusyn for English speakers fluent in Ukrainian, which should help for understanding the vast majority of content in Lemko songs and songs in other Rusyn dialects. This also includes some dated Western Ukrainian dialectal forms which are not strictly Rusyn. It errs on the side of including forms which are considered improper or are no longer used in the interest of aiding in understanding when these appear in songs.  
This is a crash course in Rusyn for English speakers fluent in Ukrainian, which should help for understanding the vast majority of content in Lemko songs and songs in other Rusyn dialects.


== What is Rusyn? ==
== What is Rusyn? ==
Rusyn is generally considered a transitional language between Ukrainian, Polish, and Slovak, though some consider it to be a dialect of Ukrainian. Lemko is a dialect of Rusyn, and Lemko is sometimes (incorrectly) used as a synonym for Rusyn, but there are other dialects as well. Due to the strong degree of mutual intelligibility and proximity, Rusyn songs are frequently sung by Ukrainians, especially in the Ukrainian diaspora, many of whom came from these regions.
Rusyn is generally considered a transitional language between Ukrainian, Polish, and Slovak, though some consider it to be a dialect of Ukrainian. Lemko is the variety of Rusyn most similar to Ukrainian. Due to the strong degree of mutual intelligibility and proximity, Rusyn songs are frequently sung by Ukrainians, especially in the Ukrainian diaspora, many of whom came from these regions.


== Alphabet ==
== Alphabet ==
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Here's a summary of Rusyn letters which differ from Ukrainian which you might encounter:
Here's a summary of Rusyn letters which differ from Ukrainian which you might encounter:
* В - Usually V, but sometimes makes an F sound, depending on the dialect. Also sometimes makes a W sound (see "Л").
* В - Usually V, but sometimes makes an F sound, depending on the dialect
* Л - Some speakers always pronounce this L, but some pronounce it L it some positions and W in others (equivalent to Polish ł or Belarusian ў). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtyRwBZEVcA Details]. Oftentimes this letter will be rendered as a "в" instead when it should be pronounced as a "w" (e.g. you may see the spelling "горівка" instead of "горілка" - this would be pronounced "horeewka")
* Л - Some speakers use L but others use W sound in some words (like Polish ł or Belarusian ў). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtyRwBZEVcA Details]. Sometimes this letter is rendered as a "в" for the "w" pronunciation (e.g. you may see the spelling "горівка" instead of "горілка" - this would be pronounced "horeewka")
* Ё - Йо / Ьо
* Ё - Йо / Ьо
* Ы - This is not a Russism! In Rusyn there are three "I" sounds, and Ы is distinct from І and И. This letter makes more of an "uh" sound, like the second "I" in "position". In Ukrainian cognates, this is usually an "и", and we usually represent it with "и" in our lyrics.
* Ы - This is not a Russism! In Rusyn there are three "I" sounds, and it is distinct from І and И. This letter makes more of an "uh" sound, like the second "I" in "position". In Ukrainian cognates, this is usually an "и".
* Сь - This sound is pronounced more like "шь" (and the same is true when a softened "С" occurs automatically by proximity, e.g. with the word "ся"). So "ся" would be pronounced "shya" in Lemko but "sya" in Ukrainian. This pronunciation was once common in all of western Ukraine and it's often heard in the diaspora.
* Сь - This sound is pronounced more like "шь" (and the same is true when a softened "С" occurs automatically by proximity, e.g. with the word "ся"). So "ся" would be pronounced "shya" in Lemko but "sya" in Ukrainian. This pronunciation was once common in all of western Ukraine and it's often heard in the diaspora.


Line 21: Line 21:
| я || я || I
| я || я || I
|-
|-
| ты (ти) || ти || you (singular)
| ты || ти || you (singular)
|-
|-
| він || він || he
| він || він || he
Line 29: Line 29:
| оно || воно || it
| оно || воно || it
|-
|-
| мы (ми) || ми || we
| мы || ми || we
|-
|-
| вы (ви) || ви || you (plural)
| вы || ви || you (plural)
|-
|-
| Вы (Ви) || Ви || you (formal)
| Вы || Ви || you (formal)
|-
|-
| они || вони || they
| они || вони || they
|}
|}


== Personal pronouns (Genitive) ==
== Personal pronouns (Accusative) ==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| іх || їх || them
| іх || їх || them
|}
|}
== Personal pronouns (Dative) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rusyn !! Ukrainian !! English
|-
| мі / ми || мені || mе
|-
| тобі / ти || тобі || you (singular)
|-
| йому / му || йому || him
|-
| ій || їй || her
|-
| йому / му || йому || it
|-
| нам || нам || us
|-
| вам || вам || you (plural)
|-
| Вам || Вам || you (formal)
|-
| ім || їм || them
|}
== Personal pronouns (Locative) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rusyn !! Ukrainian !! English
|-
| мі / ми || мені || mе
|-
| тобі || тобі || you (singular)
|-
| ним || ньому / нім || him
|-
| ній / ньов || ній || her
|-
| ним || ньому / нім || it
|-
| нас || нас || us
|-
| вас || вас || you (plural)
|-
| Вас || Вас || you (formal)
|-
| них || них || them
|}
== Personal pronouns (Instrumental) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rusyn !! Ukrainian !! English
|-
| мном / мнов || мною || with mе
|-
| тобом / тобов || тобою || with you (singular)
|-
| ним || ним || with him
|-
| ньом / ньов || нею || with her
|-
| ним || ним || with it
|-
| нами || нами || with us
|-
| вами || вами || with you (plural)
|-
| Вами || Вами || with you (formal)
|-
| нима || ними || with them
|}
== Demontrative pronouns ==
TODO


== Reflexive Personal Pronouns ==
== Reflexive Personal Pronouns ==
Line 154: Line 76:
! Grammatical Case !! Rusyn !! Ukrainian
! Grammatical Case !! Rusyn !! Ukrainian
|-
|-
| Genitive || Себе / Ся || Себе
| Genitive || Себе / Ся / Сі || Себе
|-
|-
| Accusative || Себе / Ся || Себе
| Accusative || Себе / Ся / Сі || Себе
|-
|-
| Dative / Locative || Собі / Си / Сі / Сой || Собі
| Dative || Собі / Си || Собі
|-
|-
| Instrumental || Собом / Собов || Собою
| Instrumental || Собом / Собов || Собою
|}
* While "ся" is literarily only for genitive and accusative and "си" or "сі" is literarily only for dative, in spoken language all 3 of these are commonly used interchangeably.
== To Be: Быти (Бити/Бути) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Rusyn !! Slovak* !! Ukrainian
|-
|-
| я || єм / йим || som / сом || є
| Locative || Собі || Собі
|-
| ти || єс / єси / єш / єшь / єсь || si / сі || є
|-
| він / вона / воно || єст / єсть / є || je / є || є
|-
| ми || сме / сьме / зме / єсьме || sme / сме || є
|-
| ви / Ви || сте || ste / сте || є
|-
| вони || сут || sú / су || є
|}
|}
Quite a bit of info can also be found here: https://www.orynycz.com/lemko/dictionary/byty/
* Sometimes Rusyn speakers use Slovak words here so these are included as well for reference, both with the Slovak alphabet and transliterated in cyrillic
== Past Tense - Быти endings ==
There are 2 ways to form past tense, either the way it's done in Ukrainian (e.g. "Я бесідувала / Ти бесідувала") or by appending the conjugated form of "быти" (e.g. "Бесідувала єм" or "Бесідувала єс"). These in turn are commonly shortened (e.g. "Бесідувала-м" or "Бесідувала-с").
We see this in a number of songs. For example, "Би-м ся рум'янила" in [[Іванку, Іванку, купи ми рум'янку]] could be translated thusly:
* Би-м ся рум'янила (original)
* Би єм ся рум'янила (unshortening "єм")
* Я би ся рум'янила (replacing conjugated "єм", with "я")
* Я би рум'янилася (turning reflexive "ся" into a suffix)
Бим (1 особа однини), бись (2 особа однини), бисьмо (1 особа множни), бисьте (2 особа множини) = б (би) ( https://slovnyk.ua/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4947 )


== Common Vocab ==
== Common Vocab ==
Some common Rusyn vocabulary used in songs which is different enough from the Ukrainian word that it might not be recognized.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 209: Line 95:
| Лем || Тільки / Лиш || Only
| Лем || Тільки / Лиш || Only
|-
|-
| Бесіда / Бесїда || Розмова || Conversation
| Бесіда || Розмова || Conversation
|-
|-
| Фраїр || Коханий || Beloved (male)
| Фраїр || Коханий || Beloved (male)
Line 218: Line 104:
|-
|-
| Хыжа (Хижа) || Хата || House
| Хыжа (Хижа) || Хата || House
|-
| Кедь || Коли || When
|-
| Неня || Мама || Mother
|-
| Неньо || Батько || Father
|-
| Од || Від || From
|-
| Ту || Тут || Here
|-
| Пухара || Чарка || Chalice
|-
| Кой || Коли / Якщо / Бо || When / If / Because
|-
| Зо || Зі / З || With
|-
| Тота || Оця / Ота / Той || That
|-
| К / Ку (see Russian "к") || До || To
|-
| Єсли (see Polish "jeśli") || Якщо || If
|}
|}
== Dictionaries ==
* [https://zakarpattyachko.com.ua/zakarpatdialekt/zakarpatskij-slovnyk.html Закарпатський словник]
* http://lang.slovopedia.org.ua/


== Examples of Rusyn Pronunciation ==
== Examples of Rusyn Pronunciation ==
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== Additional Resources ==
== Additional Resources ==
* [https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96 Русинська мова на Пряшівщині]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar#Pronouns Ukrainian Grammar (wikipedia)]
* [https://www.ukrainianlanguage.org.uk/read/unit18/page18-2.htm Ukrainian Grammar]
* [https://www.ukrainianlanguage.org.uk/read/unit18/page18-2.htm Ukrainian Grammar]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOL2dtA2NXLpLaQwS2ubuhA/videos Lemko Video Tutorials]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOL2dtA2NXLpLaQwS2ubuhA/videos Lemko Video Tutorials]
* [https://smile.amazon.com/Rusin-Rusyn-American-Dictionary-Nancy/dp/1930540035 Rusin/Rusyn <===> American Dictionary (Nancy J Kelly)]
* [https://smile.amazon.com/Rusin-Rusyn-American-Dictionary-Nancy/dp/1930540035 Rusin/Rusyn <===> American Dictionary (Nancy J Kelly)]
* [http://lemko.org/ Lemko.org]
* [http://lemko.org/ Lemko.org]

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