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This is a crash course in Rusyn for English speakers fluent in Ukrainian, which should help for understanding the vast majority of content in Lemko songs and songs in other Rusyn dialects. This also includes some dated Western Ukrainian dialectal forms which are not strictly Rusyn. It errs on the side of including forms which are considered improper or are no longer used in the interest of aiding in understanding when these appear in songs.  
This is a crash course in Rusyn for English speakers fluent in Ukrainian, which should help for understanding the vast majority of content in Lemko songs and songs in other Rusyn dialects.


== What is Rusyn? ==
== What is Rusyn? ==
Rusyn is generally considered a transitional language between Ukrainian, Polish, and Slovak, though some consider it to be a dialect of Ukrainian. Lemko is a dialect of Rusyn, and Lemko is sometimes (incorrectly) used as a synonym for Rusyn, but there are other dialects as well. Due to the strong degree of mutual intelligibility and proximity, Rusyn songs are frequently sung by Ukrainians, especially in the Ukrainian diaspora, many of whom came from these regions.
Rusyn is generally considered a transitional language between Ukrainian, Polish, and Slovak, though some consider it to be a dialect of Ukrainian. Lemko is the dialect of Rusyn most similar to Ukrainian, and Lemko is sometimes used as a synonym for Rusyn, but there are other dialects as well. Due to the strong degree of mutual intelligibility and proximity, Rusyn songs are frequently sung by Ukrainians, especially in the Ukrainian diaspora, many of whom came from these regions.


== Alphabet ==
== Alphabet ==
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| я || я || I
| я || я || I
|-
|-
| ты (ти) || ти || you (singular)
| ты || ти || you (singular)
|-
|-
| він || він || he
| він || він || he
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| оно || воно || it
| оно || воно || it
|-
|-
| мы (ми) || ми || we
| мы || ми || we
|-
|-
| вы (ви) || ви || you (plural)
| вы || ви || you (plural)
|-
|-
| Вы (Ви) || Ви || you (formal)
| Вы || Ви || you (formal)
|-
|-
| они || вони || they
| они || вони || they
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! Rusyn !! Ukrainian !! English
! Rusyn !! Ukrainian !! English
|-
|-
| мі / ми || мені || mе
| мі || мені || mе
|-
|-
| тобі / ти || тобі || you (singular)
| тобі / ти || тобі || you (singular)
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|}
|}


== Personal pronouns (Locative) ==
== Personal pronouns (Instrumental) ==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Rusyn !! Ukrainian !! English
! Rusyn !! Ukrainian !! English
|-
|-
| мі / ми || мені || mе
| мном / мнов || мною || with mе
|-
|-
| тобі || тобі || you (singular)
| тобом / тобов || тобою || with you (singular)
|-
|-
| ним || ньому / нім || him
| ним || ним || with him
|-
|-
| ній / ньов || ній || her
| ньом / ньов || нею || with her
|-
|-
| ним || ньому / нім || it
| ним || ним || with it
|-
|-
| нас || нас || us
| нами || нами || with us
|-
|-
| вас || вас || you (plural)
| вами || вами || with you (plural)
|-
|-
| Вас || Вас || you (formal)
| Вами || Вами || with you (formal)
|-
|-
| них || них || them
| нима || ними || with them
|}
|}


== Personal pronouns (Instrumental) ==
== Personal pronouns (Locative) ==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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! Rusyn !! Ukrainian !! English
! Rusyn !! Ukrainian !! English
|-
|-
| мном / мнов || мною || with mе
| мі || мені || mе
|-
|-
| тобом / тобов || тобою || with you (singular)
| тобі || тобі || you (singular)
|-
|-
| ним || ним || with him
| ним || ньому / нім || him
|-
|-
| ньом / ньов || нею || with her
| ній / ньов || ній || her
|-
|-
| ним || ним || with it
| ним || ньому / нім || it
|-
|-
| нами || нами || with us
| нас || нас || us
|-
|-
| вами || вами || with you (plural)
| вас || вас || you (plural)
|-
|-
| Вами || Вами || with you (formal)
| Вас || Вас || you (formal)
|-
|-
| нима || ними || with them
| них || них || them
|}
|}


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! Grammatical Case !! Rusyn !! Ukrainian
! Grammatical Case !! Rusyn !! Ukrainian
|-
|-
| Genitive || Себе / Ся || Себе
| Genitive || Себе / Ся / Сі || Себе
|-
|-
| Accusative || Себе / Ся || Себе
| Accusative || Себе / Ся / Сі || Себе
|-
|-
| Dative / Locative || Собі / Си / Сі / Сой || Собі
| Dative || Собі / Си || Собі
|-
|-
| Instrumental || Собом / Собов || Собою
| Instrumental || Собом / Собов || Собою
|}
* While "ся" is literarily only for genitive and accusative and "си" or "сі" is literarily only for dative, in spoken language all 3 of these are commonly used interchangeably.
== To Be: Быти (Бити/Бути) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tense !! Rusyn !! Slovak* !! Ukrainian
|-
| я || єм / йим || som / сом || є
|-
| ти || єс / єси / єш / єшь / єсь || si / сі || є
|-
| він / вона / воно || єст / єсть / є || je / є || є
|-
|-
| ми || сме / сьме / зме / єсьме || sme / сме || є
| Locative || Собі || Собі
|-
| ви / Ви || сте || ste / сте || є
|-
| вони || сут || sú / су || є
|}
|}
Quite a bit of info can also be found here: https://www.orynycz.com/lemko/dictionary/byty/
* Sometimes Rusyn speakers use Slovak words here so these are included as well for reference, both with the Slovak alphabet and transliterated in cyrillic
== Past Tense - Быти endings ==
There are 2 ways to form past tense, either the way it's done in Ukrainian (e.g. "Я бесідувала / Ти бесідувала") or by appending the conjugated form of "быти" (e.g. "Бесідувала єм" or "Бесідувала єс"). These in turn are commonly shortened (e.g. "Бесідувала-м" or "Бесідувала-с").
We see this in a number of songs. For example, "Би-м ся рум'янила" in [[Іванку, Іванку, купи ми рум'янку]] could be translated thusly:
* Би-м ся рум'янила (original)
* Би єм ся рум'янила (unshortening "єм")
* Я би ся рум'янила (replacing conjugated "єм", with "я")
* Я би рум'янилася (turning reflexive "ся" into a suffix)
Бим (1 особа однини), бись (2 особа однини), бисьмо (1 особа множни), бисьте (2 особа множини) = б (би) ( https://slovnyk.ua/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4947 )


== Common Vocab ==
== Common Vocab ==
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| Лем || Тільки / Лиш || Only
| Лем || Тільки / Лиш || Only
|-
|-
| Бесіда / Бесїда || Розмова || Conversation
| Бесіда || Розмова || Conversation
|-
|-
| Фраїр || Коханий || Beloved (male)
| Фраїр || Коханий || Beloved (male)
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|-
|-
| Од || Від || From
| Од || Від || From
|-
| Ту || Тут || Here
|-
| Пухара || Чарка || Chalice
|-
| Кой || Коли / Якщо / Бо || When / If / Because
|-
| Зо || Зі / З || With
|-
| Тота || Оця / Ота / Той || That
|-
| К / Ку (see Russian "к") || До || To
|-
| Єсли (see Polish "jeśli") || Якщо || If
|}
|}
== Dictionaries ==
* [https://zakarpattyachko.com.ua/zakarpatdialekt/zakarpatskij-slovnyk.html Закарпатський словник]
* http://lang.slovopedia.org.ua/


== Examples of Rusyn Pronunciation ==
== Examples of Rusyn Pronunciation ==
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== Additional Resources ==
== Additional Resources ==
* [https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96 Русинська мова на Пряшівщині]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar#Pronouns Ukrainian Grammar (wikipedia)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar#Pronouns Ukrainian Grammar (wikipedia)]
* [https://www.ukrainianlanguage.org.uk/read/unit18/page18-2.htm Ukrainian Grammar]
* [https://www.ukrainianlanguage.org.uk/read/unit18/page18-2.htm Ukrainian Grammar]

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